Interdiction: In this research, for evaluating various economic-social projects, we use welfare economics approach function, in order to calculate the weight of welfare and the marginal utility of INCOME or consumption. If the purpose of government policy from economic and social projects is increasing social welfare through resource allocation between INCOME DECILES (through increased consumption or INCOME) so what weight would be appropriate for each docile? It should be mentioned that because the real per capita consumption of each decile is different from the other ones, so equal increases of per capita consumptions, would have different effects on social welfare.Method: To calculate the weights, demand function of food is estimated by using dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS).Findings: Therefore the welfare weights are important in calculation of evaluation of government projects.Discussion: Results suggest that in order to increase social welfare through resource allocation, different weights should be considered for each docile and after calculating the weight, government should choose the plans which results in the most benefits from different aspects (distributive or with Pareto efficiency).

Given the importance and role ofICTin enhancing people’ s abilities and skills, studying the households expenditures on ICT products is important. The present paper identifies theICTrelated items in households’ budget by comparing different categories of products. We calculate the households’ spending on ICT indifferent INCOME DECILES for the rural and urban household in Iran for the period 2004-2015. The results show that there is a significant gap on level of ICT spendingand their share in household consumption basket between rural and urban families. In addition, there is a significant gap on level and share of ICT spendingbetween low-INCOME and high-INCOME DECILES. It is also observed that after emergence of an inflationary era in mid-2000s and a stagnation period in theearly 2010s, the share of ICT spendingin family budgets has declined. Given the nature of ability-enhancement of ICT products and their role in INCOME distribution and sustained growth and development, it is necessary for the policy-makers to pay attention to the gap between DECILES and between rural and urban families and also to the recent decline of share of ICT spending. JEL Classification: L86، D38، L63، L96

Today, maintain, expand and improve the health of human communities among the most basic and most important policies for the development of social justice in the country are considered to be. On the one hand, healthy people-centered sustainable development for the benefit of human health and the benefits of development, it is essential, As a result, attention to health and efforts to maintain, upgrade and expand it, is always a priority. A major economic dimensions of the screw proposed health, social and economic determinants of health, For the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between INCOME DECILES The aim is to examine the health, Social and economic issues and problems such as poverty, unemployment and BySvady, surely as there are different aspects of the problem in all countries. Indicators used, the attenuation index and life expectancy is a direct measure of health status and prospects for comparing health status in a country obviously moved. Stats for macroeconomic data, facts and figures published by the Central Bank and Statistics Center of Iran Almanac for the period 1390-1357 is obtained on an annual basis and are based on a 1376 base year.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION After a significant recession and the prominent role of the government in managing the economy within the framework of Keynesian economics, one of the important issues in macroeconomics is examining the relationship between the uncertainty of macroeconomic variables and INCOME inequality, which is a characteristic of development. The uncertainty of macroeconomic variables poses significant challenges for developing countries, especially regarding INCOME inequality issues. Based on the literature in this area, various factors such as high inflation rates, massive external debt, significant fluctuations in real exchange rates, payment deficits, and many other variables contribute to INCOME inequality in developing countries. It has been observed that developed countries with minimal uncertainty in macroeconomic variables have relatively low INCOME inequality and experience stable economic growth. Considering the importance of the subject, the question addressed in this study is the extent to which uncertainty in macroeconomic variables and foreign trade affect INCOME inequality between INCOME DECILES and with what probability they influence INCOME inequality thresholds. Since fuzzy logic modelling is important in various aspects and due to the significance of the subject in this article, an attempt has been made to answer this question using non-linear fuzzy modelling in the form of numerical computation to calculate the upper, middle, and lower limits of INCOME inequality between INCOME DECILES along with the degree of predictive credibility of these limits (probability of each threshold). This article is organized into five sections. Following the introduction, the second section reviews the literature on the subject. The third section discusses the research methodology, the fourth section presents the research findings, and the fifth section provides conclusions and policy recommendations.   METHODOLOGY Fuzzy rule-based system in the form of Z-numbers (Z-FRBS): is a fuzzy nonlinear regression model in which fuzzy rules are used. Z-FRBS is a modeling method to investigate the uncertainty behaviors of economic variables, which is one of the main ideas and innovations of this study. The modeling cycle steps for the LSTAR model are as follows. To create a Z-FRBS model, it is first necessary to examine the non-linear behavior of the variables, hence the steps of fitting a non-linear model (ESTAR or LSTAR model) are presented.   FINDINGS Based on the results of this study, inflation, which is an important indicator of the instability of macro variables, has a dual impact on INCOME distribution in society, causing INCOME inequality to widen. In fact, inflation is seen as a subsidy for some individuals and as a tax for others. It adversely affects individuals with fixed INCOMEs and benefits those who own assets such as land, buildings, etc. Therefore, the government can target groups with low INCOMEs or fixed INCOMEs by implementing special programs for them, including transfer payments, tax reductions, and by redistributing INCOME through progressive INCOME and wealth taxes for individuals who possess more assets than they need.   CONCLUSION The results of investigating the impact of variable uncertainty show that foreign investment leads to INCOME inequality, especially in the ninth and tenth DECILES. The reasons for this inequality, based on empirical studies, are that an increase in foreign investment, due to the possibility of utilizing more capital, increases the final production labor force, thereby increasing labor wages, which ultimately leads to a reduction in INCOME inequality. On the other hand, the susceptibility of the domestic market to international market developments has had a significant impact on exchange rate fluctuations, inflation rates, and stock yield instability, leading to increased macroeconomic policy instability and INCOME inequality differences between INCOME DECILES. Considering the importance of inequality among INCOME DECILES due to macroeconomic unstable variables resulting from policies, further increases in inequality among higher-INCOME DECILES compared to lower-INCOME DECILES occur over time, and compensatory policies have not been sufficient to reduce the extent of inequality. Therefore, special attention of policymakers to policy-making and its implications leads to inevitable consequences in the economy. Based on the results of this research, the issue of direct foreign investment may pose a challenge for policymakers, but given the inevitable nature of globalization, appropriate plans are necessary to address this challenge, including necessary support for labor, expanding social services, controlling foreign capital, and relying on people-oriented institutions to empower the workforce in dealing with capital, focusing on inequality foundations such as illiteracy and lack of skills, creating social opportunities for education and skill acquisition. The government's efforts to address these problems are among the most effective steps in reducing INCOME inequality in Iran in the face of globalization. Moreover, considering that direct foreign investment and expansion of foreign trade are essential aspects of globalization and governments follow policies to promote globalization due to benefits such as technology transfer and increased productivity, it is recommended that governments, along with globalization, take actions such as creating economic and political stability, strengthening the foundations of the economy.

Introduction: The rapid acceleration of inflation over the past decade has increased the cost of living in the metropolitan area of Tehran. The World Food Program (WFP) report shows that Tehran province has the highest rate of welfare inequality compared to other provinces in Iran, and a significant portion of the province's population has only abdominal satiety. This has led to an increase in short stature, cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity, diabetes, tooth decay and gastrointestinal diseases among Tehran families. In this regard, although with the decision of the Working Group on Health and Food Security and the participation of various agencies, programs have been carried out to improve the level of health and nutrition of the residents of the province, but the prevalence of various deficiencies and diseases may be due to lack of nutrients in the food basket and as a result of food insecurity. Materials and Methods: Since ensuring health and food security is one of the strategic goals of the 20-year vision document of the country, in the present study, households living in Tehran province were first divided into three lower INCOME DECILES, four middle DECILES and three upper INCOME DECILES according to the raw data of the INCOME expenditure of the Statistics Center of Iran. Then based on the classification of the commodity group of the Statistics Center of Iran and using the nutritional performance matrix, the level of nutrient intake in different INCOME DECILES of Tehran province in 2018 has been investigated. Then, using the Matching method, nutrient consumption, the diversity and food security of the province's INCOME DECILES have been analyzed. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the level of calcium, iron and vitamin C intake among households in the lower three DECILES of Tehran province is very low and an adult received only about 14, 487 and 75 mg of these three nutrients per day. As for other nutrients, an adult in the lower three DECILES of INCOME received protein and vitamin A 72 mg and 551 micrograms, respectively which is at the minimum daily requirement and only carbohydrates and vitamin B1 has been received 339 g and 1. 5 mg, respectively which is above the minimum daily requirement. It should be noted that in all INCOME DECILES, the level of carbohydrate intake is more than triple the daily threshold required by an adult (130 g). Finally, according to the results, the lower three DECILES of INCOME have lower diversity and food security than the other DECILES. Conclusion: Considering the current situation of receiving micronutrients in Tehran province, the culture and nutritional literacy of households has a great importance and role that responsible organizations can play an important role in promoting it through culture as well as specialized and general education. At the same time, the stability of food prices along with the provision of cash grants and targeted food packages can increase the consumption and food diversity of households and significantly increase food security in poor households, especially women and children. In this regard, considering that a significant part of the country's resources is wasted annually in the form of hidden and non-targeted subsidies, Iran ranks first in the world in the payment of non-targeted food and fuel subsidies, therefore, targeting subsidies and paying cash and non-cash subsidies with proper identification of the target community, in accordance with the conditions of the country is an important issue that should be considered by policy makers.

One of the expense-types incurred by Muslims, are those incurred for nearness to Allah. In this article, while theoretically studying the factors influencing it, along with the collection of related information in the family budgets for various INCOME DECILES of urban households, during the time period 1361-84, with the “Panel Data” technique, we strive to study the manner of influence of these factors and while determining the coefficient of each factor, calculate the INCOME elasticity. The required study is achieved through “Random Effect” model and shows that the INCOME of households, the household dimension and the imposed war has had a positive, and inflation, a negative effect on religion oriented payments. During war the dependent of religious payments has been shifted upwards. Similarly the INCOME elasticity of these payments, in different DECILES had a rising trend, and for the upper three INCOME classes was more than the unit.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of open economy indicators including economic openness and foreign direct investment on INCOME distribution in Iran during the years 1996 to 2018. For this purpose, we use fuzzy regression with asymmetric coefficients. The reason for using it is very high flexibility in analysis. For each INCOME decile, an optimal model is estimated that shows the effect of open economy indicators on the Gini coefficient of INCOME DECILES. The results show that the average effect of foreign direct investment on the Gini coefficient of INCOME DECILES is zero or very small and reduces inequality. But the maximum impact of foreign direct investment on the Gini coefficient of INCOME DECILES has increased, which leads to inequality in INCOME distribution. This is due to the lack of appropriate programs and policies in the economy, so that we can use the opportunity of foreign direct investment to reduce inequality. Also, the results show that the maximum effect of the degree of economic openness on the Gini coefficient of INCOME DECILES is zero, which means that the degree of economic openness does not increase inequality. In order to strengthen or weaken foreign relations. Therefore, the amount of subsidy paid to each of the INCOME DECILES provides the infrastructure needed to attract foreign investment and provides measures for the treasury to tax the INCOME DECILES.

After oil revenues, taxes are the second and most important source of government expenditure in Iran's economy. On the other hand, considering the importance of social justice as one of the main goals of the government, the effects of imposing taxes on households are also very important. Therefore, this research, using a calculable general equilibrium model, seeks to investigate the welfare effects of imposing indirect taxes on different INCOME DECILES in Iran. For this purpose, two scenarios have been applied and the reactions of households with different INCOME DECILES to these scenarios have been investigated. In the first scenario, a uniform tax was imposed on all goods and services at a rate of five percent and in the second scenario, a tax on food at a zero rate, a tax on some luxury goods at a rate of 14 pecent and a tax on other goods at the same rate of 5 percent. EV index was also used to measure welfare. The results of the model show that the imposition of indirect taxes in the first scenario worsens the welfare of low-INCOME households, while the second scenario improves the welfare of poor households and worsens the welfare of rich households. However, in the first scenario, the GDP was higher than in the second scenario. Therefore, it is recommended to choose a tax policy using an integrated tax system, we will see efficiency and economic justice.

INCOME distribution is one of the most important economic issues and many researches have been conducted in different countries related to this field. The main objective of this study is investigating the effect of inflation on INCOME distribution and performance of government compensation policies. In order to do so, patterns of effective factors on Gini coefficient and twenty percent share of INCOME have been used. Gini coefficient pattern and effective factors pattern on twenty percent estimated respectively by least of squares (OLS) and seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) methods. According to results of Gini index model estimation f inflation rate, unemployment rate, total government expenditure and ratio of asset portion of the highest 10 percent to the lowest 10 percent have negative effect on inequality and increase of basic goods subsidies and asset portion of lowest 40 percent, inequality would improve inequality. Results of estimated Gini Index model showed the increase of Coefficients of inflation rate, unemployment rate, Subsidies of basic goods and ratio of asset portion of the highest 10 percent to the lowest 10 percent, increase inequality. And increase of asset portion of lowest 40 percent, decrease inequality.